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Attention Deficit Hyper Activity Disorder according to Singh ( is a developmental disorder that is brain based and most often affects children. This developmental disorder can be characterized as a disease in which impacts ones self control; main aspects involve difficulty with attention, impulse control, and activity levels generally diagnosed prior to the age of 7yrs.

Old (Willoughby. There are 3 sub-types of ADHD. Inattentive sub-type 1 is ADHD which those who attest inattention without the existence of hyperactivity and impulsivity (Barkley. There is also ADHD sub-type two with symptomolgy related to hyperactivity and impulsivity (Barkley. Finally there is ADHD combined sub-type (Visser & Lesesne.

For the purpose of the document, I'll utilize information that represents all subtypes at various degrees as well as the impacts of these difficulties upon the individual, educational, family members, and social development as well as problems of social justice and ethnic issues for those kids who suffer with this disorder. Historically the modern symptoms of ADHD were initially identified (Barkley 1996, Rafalovich 2001, & Stubbe , from English physician George Still in 1902 (Neufeld & Foy. Rafalovich (, clarifies that in a series of historical events out of 1917-1918 in North America that led to an encephalitis outbreak there was a dramatic increase in research of characteristics that are very similar to modern day ADHD symptomology.

During the early years of there was even research and investigations into clinical conditions which encouraged swelling in some specific aspects of the brain, which many believe contributed to impulsivity and hyperactivity (Stubbe. As research evolved so did the diagnostic criteria for the disease; forming recognizable factors believed to contribute to the causation of ADHD (Barkley. Physiologically, there seems to be less dopamine and nor-epinephrine within the minds of those with ADHD and four enzymes that regulate dopamine have been identified as ADHD causal agents; however a certain causal agent has not been confirmed (Barkley. Brain activity is considerably reduced compared to the pre-frontal lobe regions in those with ADHD and there is additionally decrease in blood circulation (Hans, Henricksen & Bruhn, (Barkley.

According to Barkley (, emotional features of ADHD are that it's about the "behavioral inhibition." These kids do not benefit out of what might happen later based upon what they do now; that can be contrasted to a "time near sightedness", (Barkley. They have trouble identifying their past, preparing for the future, coordinating, scheduling, and working independently, with social and occupational issues (Barkley. It's these difficulties when intermingled with the development of the individual that may clearly cause wonderful problems when registered in instruction and onward into the requirements of college and adulthood. The incidence rates about the diagnosis of ADHD has been from ranges of 4 to 18 percent based upon the community, kinds of populations, along with areas of investigation (Visser & Lesesne.

ADHD is one of the most common childhood ailments with 2.5 million kids with this disease (Barkley. Estimates show (Biederman, that almost 6 percent of boys and 1.5 percent of women have ADHD (Singh. It cost almost 3.3 billion dollars to medically treat ADHD every year in the USA (Visser & Lesesne. Currently causation factors under consistent follow up according to Barkley ( include.1. Genetics.2. Premature Birth.3. Traumatic Brain Injury.4. Spine and Brain Infections.5. Early exposure to chemicals throughout pregnancy.6. Early exposure to lead.7. Less blood circulation and reduced brain activity. Because ADHD is a representation of physical imperfections within the brain and actually modulates a decrease of activity in the pre-frontal lobe regions; specific treatment options with amphetamines, stimulants and non-amphetamines have been used to increase brain activity (Barkley.

The dimensions and anomalies within the brain have been verified and examined through several technological processes such as Positron Emission Tomography and MRI scanning (Vance & Luk. Other physical abnormalities of development in accordance to Barkley (, include appearances of slight deformities like; longer than ordinary index finger, third party toe that is longer compared to second toe, ears that are marginally lower upon the head, zero earlobes or a furrowed tongue. Up to 80 percent of kids suffering with ADHD will continue to fight with this disease into adolescents and as many as 50 to 60 per cent will continue to battle into adulthood (Barkley.

With the impacts upon a kid's school, family members, and social environments a sizable emotional toll can be recognized. Emotionally, kids can feel nervous, angry, guilty, frustrated and many other emotions due to the disruption of relationships, opportunities and absence of clear decision making skills (Barkley. A number of these kids can become depressed and exhibit stress (Barkley. Many affective behaviors include stubbornness, defiance and at times can be verbally or physically violent to others (Barkley. According to Barkley ( almost 57 percent of preschool kids are very likely to be rated as inattentive and over-reactive with their parents up to the age of four.

As many as 40% according to Barkley (, might have these issues for up to 3 to 6 months, concerning parents and teachers. According to Lavigne, Gibbons, Christoffel, Rosenbaum and Binns (, however, it's estimated that 2% of preschool kids really meet the criteria for ADHD, and (Biederman, clarified that maybe 10 percent of all kids meet diagnostic criteria for ADHD (Singh. Barkley clearly suggests that the earlier the symptoms of ADHD appear and the duration of time they last in childhood will determine the intensity of its course and prediction (Barkley. Individually there are debilitating problems for kids suffering from this disease.

Some attributes that Barkley ( suggest are important to recognize as the human child develops into college age include.

In conclusion, I believe that ADHD seems to be a devastating, developmental illness. This disease for my self is so damaging because of its manifesting components of mind, impulsivity and inattentiveness. These variables are processes that should represented to specific degrees are fantastic for destroying social, educational, emotional and human development throughout the entire life span. Because our lives are dependent upon not just our biological construction, but also our social and environmental interaction; this disorder can be serious and hugely preoccupied. I do however believe that new technologies are optimistic in realizing this handicap in greater measures. I have obtained ideas about the new information concerning neuro-plastisity as well as the shifting mind based upon therapeutic thought.

I think this might be a possible frontier of research that needs to be a priority in better understanding how the brain can change forms; notably the pre-frontal cortical regions. L.J. Riley Jr. BSW, LLMSW. Reference.Barkley, R. A., (. Taking Charge of ADHD: The Complete Authoritative Guide for. Parents. New York: The Guilford Press. Bender, E., (May 19. Scare tactics can discourage elephants from ADHD aid. Psychiatric News, 41 ( 16. Retrieved January 20, 2007 from [http://pn.psychiatry].online.org/cgi/content/full/41/10/16.Berger, K. S., (. The Developing Person: Through the Life Span. New York. Worth Publishing. Burns, D. D., (. The Feeling Good Hand Book. New York: Plume Books.

Camparo, L., Christensen, A., Buhrmester, D., & Hinshaw, S., (. System functioning in families with ADHD and non-ADHD sons. Personal Relationships, 1, 301-308. Dumas, D., & Pelletier, L. (. Perception in hyperactive kids. Maternal Child. Nursing, 24, 12-19. Gordon, J., ( Ohio facts sheet; adolescents with ADHD. Retrieved January 20, 2007 from [http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/5270.html].Jaelline J., Benedictis, T., Segal, R., & Segal, J., (March 7. Adult ADD & ADHD: recognizing the symptoms and handling the consequences. Founded on January 20, 2007 out of http://www.helpguide.org/mental/adhd'add'adult'symptoms.htm. Laigne, J.V., Gibbons, R.D., Christoffel, K.K., Arend, R., Rosenbaum, D., Binns, H., et al. (. Prevalence rates and correlates of psychiatric disorders among preschool children.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35. Maniadaki, K., Sonuga-Barke, E., Kakouros, E., & Karaba, R., (February, 21. Parental beliefs about the nature of ADHD behaviors and their relationship to citizenship intentions in kids. Journal Compilation of all Blackwell Publishing. Founded on January 20, 2007 out of http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2005.0051 2.x.Neufeld, P., & Foy, M., (. Historical reflections on the ascendancy of ADHD in North America. British Journal of Education Studies, 54, (, 449-470. Nixon, E., (. The social competence of children with Attention Deficit Hyper-activity Disorder: an overview of the literature. Child Psychology & Review of theLiterature, 6, (, 172-177.

Peris, T. S., Hinshaw, S. P., (. Family dynamics and preadolescent girls with ADHD: the relationship between expressed emotion, ADHD symptomatology, along with comorbid disruptive behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44 ( 1177 - 1190. Rafalovich, A. (. The conceptual history of Attention Deficit HyperactivityDisorder: idiocy, imbecility, encephalitis and the kid deviant, 1877-1929. Deviant Behavior: an Interdisciplinary Journal, 22. Singh, I., (. Children and society. Center for Family Research Universityof Cambridge, 16, 360-367. Spira, E. G., Fischel, J. E., (. The effect of preschool inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity on social and academic development: an overview. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46 (, 755-773.

Stubbe, D. E. (. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder overview: historicalperspectives, current controversies, and future directions. Child and PsychiatricClinics of North America, 9 (, 469-479. Vance, A. L. A., Luk, E. S. L., (. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: currentprogress and controversies. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 719-730. Visser, S. N., Lesesne, C. A., (August 31. Emotional health in the United States: incidence of diagnosis and medication treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disease United States. Retrieved January 20, 2007 from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5434a2.htm. Willoughby, M. T., (. Developmental course of ADHD symptomatology throughThroughout the transition from childhood to adolescence: a review with recommendations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44 (, 88-106.

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